NEW Hazard Symbols Meanings with Examples for Lab Safety

A rebellion is occurring in Europe over Covid-19 totalitarianism. In Italy, 50,000 businesses have refused to comply with a lockdown order.
Hysteria over Covid-19 has ushered in one of the most extreme forms of totalitarianism in human history. It does not seem that way to most because people aren't being rounded up and put in camps (yet), but we are increasingly living under concentration camp-type conditions; a few days ago, the province of Quebec in Canada initiated a curfew; the rules will see most residents face police questions or fines of up to $6,000 Canadian if they’re out between 8 p.m. and 5 a.m. for the next four weeks. Protests are underway.
It is one thing to say you're not allowed to vote, or that you can't form a labor union -- that's horrible enough; it is quite another to suggest that the state has the right to control every aspect of your life, including whether you can attend a religious ceremony or walk in a public park.
This is a grim harbinger of things to come, because if people are willing to throw away all of their rights for a virus with a relatively tiny lethality rate, imagine what we will do if one of those truly deadly bioweapons escapes from a lab.
The corporate media is effectively functioning as a terrorist organization. Worse, in fact; while terrorist groups periodically terrorize people, the media is terrorizing people 24/7. And they are completely censoring scientists/doctors who challenge the state consensus.
The Covid-stats are dubious at best. This is because the tests they use to track the virus have an extremely high rate of false positives. This is not a "conspiracy theory." Eg this article published in Australia's Conversation admits:

However, following the same calculations as in the example above, at a prevalence of 0.03%, even a test with 99.9% specificity would mean only 30% of people who test positive actually have the condition. This means more than two-thirds of positive results would actually be false positives if we were testing asymptomatic people with no increased risk.

Moreover, if you come down with the flu and get a Covid-19 test, you may test positive if you had Covid19 six months ago. So the more tests they do, the more it will appear as though the epidemic is spreading even if the worst is already behind us.
Leftists as a whole (and I am a leftist, of the traditional sort) are ambivalent about the response to Covid because we really want to protect gramma and we really want a basic universal income: well here's the "good" news for leftists who value civil liberties: lockdowns don't work, masks don't work, and social distancing doesn't work (obviously).
Here's what the lockdowns do accomplish: suicide rates are vastly increasing, mental illness is vastly increasing (including among children), poverty rates are vastly increasing, alcoholism and drug addiction are vastly increasing, starvation and malnutrition rates are vastly increasing (especially in the third world), human misery is vastly increasing, and the wealth of billionaires is vastly increasing.
Here's an excellent article on the economics of Covid, one of the few criticisms of Covid totalitarianism from a leftist POV: The Great Covid Class War:

Indefinite closures have never before been used as a disease control method on a global scale. These experimental restrictions were shaped by the discredited Imperial College Model which predicted 2.2 million US deaths. Many epidemiologists and doctors questioned these doomsday projections and pointed out that there was not sufficient data to justify lockdowns. The virus has a low mortality rate, especially for people under 65, and 94% of US covid deaths have occurred with comorbidities. Most statistical analysis does not show lockdown measures to be an effective strategy for reducing mortality.
Lockdown fanatics have helped manufacture consent for a brutal reorganization of labor that will plunge millions of people into serfdom. The work-from-home lifestyle is only possible through the labor of logistics workers who transport, sort, and deliver goods. Currently about 10 million jobs that existed in February have not been replaced. Many workers have been forced to take on part-time, no-contract work, a labor model that is rolling back decades of hard-fought protections.
Internationally, workplace closures and supply chain disruptions will result in the loss of 305 million jobs. 1.6 billion informal economy workers are at risk of losing their livelihoods. This devastation will be compounded by famine and the increased spread of untreated diseases like tuberculosis. In July closed food markets were linked to 10,000 child deaths a month. Food is being discarded and crops are rotting in the fields while the number of people facing acute hunger this year has doubled to 265 million.
At the start of the covid crisis, vocal segments of the American left argued that economic shutdown was a way to resist billionaires and capitalism. This demonstrated a deep misunderstanding of the way financiers can profit from economic contraction. Many on the left chose to ignore the Biblical scale of the destruction that economic stoppages would cause, arguing that the covid crisis was an opportunity. Today the left continues to advance the illusion that meaningful relief is possible, while workers’ pensions are plundered, children’s futures disappear, and 150 million people are pushed into extreme poverty worldwide. Lockdowns were not bungled by incompetent leaders. They were in fact executed perfectly, because their purpose was not public health but rather the rapid installment of a regressive neoliberal agenda designed by the nonprofit industrial complex.
The beneficiaries of this neo-feudal dystopia are the ownership class, tech CEOs, investors, NGOs, and private foundations. Their ongoing immiseration of workers is intentional. 80% of covid loans offered by the IMF to developing countries were contingent on governments implementing austerity programs such as cuts to healthcare and elimination of public sector jobs. In the US, seventeen of the top 25 corporations will make $85 billion more this year than in previous years, and shareholders will reap the rewards. Over the same period, American workers have lost $1.3 trillion.
Remnants of the covid class war will touch every domain of life for decades. Officials have suggested that social distancing will need to continue even after mandatory vaccinations. Masks have become a potent symbol of both physical purity and mutual mistrust. Our fantasy of a sanitized and deathless society has created a world where the home is a prison and friends and family are a health hazard. In this world children are told they are killing their grandparents simply by existing. Right now we are still at the beginning of sweeping changes that may include social credit, immunity passports, a rent-only economy, AI and robotics expansion, financialization of natural resources, increased mass surveillance, the Uberization of everything, and rolling lockdowns for climate change or the flu. We have a limited window of time to reclaim the things that make life worth living: family, community, cultural heritage, the social sphere, public institutions, common spaces, and free movement. That window may be closing quickly, but it is not fully closed yet.

In case it isn't clear yet, here's the reality: people advocating for lockdowns are unwittingly advocating for mass murder.
Most people would be astonished to learn that not even the WHO recommends lockdowns.
I think the problem here is that a small number of epidemiologists seriously overestimated the lethality of Covid-19; the media stirred people up into a frenzy; politicians responded; and the billionaires made out like bandits. Now there is the sunk cost fallacy: nobody in power wants to admit that they royally fucked up and killed millions of people unnecessarily. So we all have to pretend as though Covid-19 is akin to that virus in the film Contagion.
It is somewhat charming, even quaint, that human beings think they can "defeat" a virus by "social distancing" and wearing a piece of paper over their face (lol), or sometimes locking down and sometimes not. Less charming is the selectivity: if you want to go to church or have a family dinner you can be arrested; if you want to go to Wallmart that's A-okay. People are now being encouraged to snitch on their neighbors and family members for violating Covid mandates; I'm eagerly anticipating the new "junior Stasi" badge for kids to wear.
Life is not a safe space. There's risk in everything. I'm at a higher risk to die from a Covid-19 type ailment than most (lungs) but I don't live my life in fear. And I'm certainly not selfish enough to demand that others give up what few liberties they have to endow me with an illusory sense of safety. I wouldn't care if the virus had a 90 percent lethality rate, rather than 0.5 percent or whatever the current estimate is. And I certainly wouldn't be so selfish as to suggest that millions of children should starve to death because I'm nervous about a really bad case of the flu.
Here's how a responsible government would have acted: encourage people to lose weight, get out more, exercise more, get more sunshine, take Vitamin C and D, and treat infected people with one of the many drugs that have proven to help. The very last thing we should be doing is encouraging people to hole up in their houses and become progressively more depressed.
But that's what totalitarianism does best. Here is a relevant passage from Hannah Arendt's The Origins of Totalitarianism:

"Totalitarian government, like all tyrannies, certainly could not exist without destroying the public realm of life, that is, without destroying, by isolating men, their political capacities. But totalitarian domination as a form of government is new in that it is not content with this isolation and destroys private life as well. It bases itself on loneliness, on the experience of not belonging to the world at all, which is among the most radical and desperate experiences of man.
Loneliness, the common ground for terror, the essence of totalitarian government, and for ideology or logicality, the preparation of its executioners and victims, is closely connected with uprootedness and superfluousness which have been the curse of modern masses since the beginning of the industrial revolution and have become acute with the rise of imperialism at the end of the last century and the break-down of political institutions and social traditions in our own time. To be uprooted means to have no place in the world, recognized and guaranteed by others; to be superfluous means not to belong to the world at all. Uprootedness can be the preliminary condition for superfluousness, just as isolation can (but must not) be the preliminary condition for loneliness. Taken in itself, without consideration of its recent historical causes and its new role in politics, loneliness is at the same time contrary to the basic requirements of the human condition and one of the fundamental experiences of every human life."

Here is the Global Covid-19 Civic Freedom Tracker. To sum up: the UN charter of rights is dead. May we resurrect it.

With thousands of vegan handbags and brands on the market, it can be hard to decide which one is best for you.
But, we're here to help and whether you're looking for an affordable vegan handbag, a luxury bag, or a faux leather tote, we've got you covered.
In this article, I'll introduce you to the best vegan handbag brands of 2020-2021
Then, I'll share with you the top bags (most wanted) from their fabulous collections.
Also, to make it easier for you, I've crowned three brands as winners of three vegan handbag categories:
Best OVERALL Vegan Handbags Best BUDGET Vegan HandBags Best DESIGNER Vegan HandBags
I have curated the best vegan handbag brands for spring, summer, winter, for the gym, beach, work, and even dinner date.
Finally, all handbags, purses, and totes on this list are vegan-friendly, made from cruelty-free or organic materials such as apple leather, pineapple leaves, mushroom, and cork.

Vegan Handbags - Intro

Traditional leather handbags – the kind made from animals – have always been a staple of the fashion world.
But the world is changing as a variety of new and established brands have begun producing vegan leather or faux leather bags.
Above all, the makers of vegan handbags are innovators at the core.
Creators of materials made from recycled plastic bottles, fishing nets, fruit skins, mushrooms, cactuses, and tree bark these designers create vegan bags that are sturdy, sustainable, and above all, stylish.
Not too long ago, vegan bags were seen as ‘crunchy’, tacky and polluting.
Nowadays, they’re just as chic as anything produced by the most exclusive ‘designer’ brands.
And what’s more, these bags act as a badge of honor as finally, you can "wear your ethics on your sleeve"!
And it turns out, what's right for the animals and the planet is also good for your pocket.
In this article, you'll find vegan bags or alternative leather options at a better price than their animal leather counterparts.
You can also reduce your impact further by shopping for a second-hand luxury vegan handbag at one of our favorite online thrift stores here.
We've identified ten vegan and faux leather handbag (and purses) brands and their unique products, proudly cruelty-free.

What Is Vegan Leather?

Vegan leather is a catch-all term for materials that replace animal leather and are cruelty-free.
Vegan leather is made from various materials such as wood, cork, rubber, barkcloth, apple, pineapple, and glazed cotton.
Moreover, we see more eco-friendly alternative options becoming available as the vegan fashion market grows and evolves.
However, two of the most common types of vegan leather are produced with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyurethane (PU).
This is where the term "vegan leather" becomes a bit problematic.
Sure, PVC and PU are not animal products.
That's the good part.
But, the bad part is that PVC is manufactured with toxic chemicals that cannot be recycled.
So we recommend that you avoid any handbags made with PVC.

"There have been concerns over the last few years about PVC because of production challenges and because they release dioxins, potentially hazardous chemicals if burnt," said Andrew Dent, the Vice President of Library and Research Materials at Material ConneXion.

A better synthetic alternative, while not perfect, is PU, which is less environmentally harmful and can be recycled.
Finally, vegan leather bags are getting the recognition they deserve in the world of fashion.
Compared to animal leather bags - which required the sacrifice of an animal to produce - vegan leather bags are cruelty-free alternatives that keep you looking good while doing good. Moreover, thanks to recent material developments, there are more environmentally-friendly vegan leather alternatives, such as mushroom leather, and kelp leather now than ever before.
Without further ado...these the top 26 best vegan handbags brands, for every budget, now in 2021.

1. Demi Black Vegan Winged Tote Bag by LaBante London

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BRAND | LaBante London MADE IN | London, UK STYLE | Tote MATERIALS | Recycled PET BEST FOR | All occasion PRICE | $180
labante.co.uk
Based in London, LaBante is a British designer label founded in 2009, known for its excellent vegan leather handbags.
The brand uses PETA-approved vegan leather, PVC-free, and recycled materials, without any toxic chemicals.
LaBante London's offering includes faux leather clutches, crossbodies, vegan backpacks, and vegan leather tote bags in quilted textures and natural colors, making them easy to incorporate into your everyday wardrobe.
Usually, the bags' inners are made from polyester rescued from discarded plastic bottles.
On the other hand, the outers are made with over 50 percent vegetable oil, a renewable natural source.
The brand's design and production team is made up of 99 percent women and the bags are manufactured in a SEDEX Certified factory.
Moreover, every year, LaBante London donates around 10 percent of its profits to several charities.
The stunning Black Demi bag from LaBante London is a designer winged tote bag featuring gold hardware plaques on the base and the LaBante logo for an elegant look.
The bag fits a 13-inch laptop and it comes with two zipper compartments.
It also features an inner side zip pocket, as well as two open pockets for keys and phones.
This black tote handbag is a simple but perfectly sized bag for your day or evening out.
Comes with a long detachable & adjustable shoulder strap.

2. Monica Pencil Clutch by Ahimsa Collective

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BRAND | Ahimsa Collective MADE IN | Australia STYLE | Clutch - Handbag MATERIALS | Cactus Leather (Desserto) BEST FOR | Weekends PRICE | $172
wardrobeoftomorrow.com
As a perfect example that luxury, animal love, and sustainability can co-exist, Ahimsa Collective is on a mission to end fast fashion.
The label is providing high-end sustainable alternatives to animal leather and ‘pleather’ goods.
Formed from the ‘a’ meaning ‘without’ and ‘himsa’ meaning ‘harm’, Ahimsa Collective signifies “respect for all living beings and avoidance of harm towards others".
Ethical, social, and environmental responsibility are upheld at every stage of the Ahimsa Collective.
Ahimsa is using some of the most innovative materials in its vegan handbags, combined with excellent design and artistic flair.
The label’s intention is to offer vegan leather bags that are not only environmentally friendly but environmentally beneficial as well.
To do this, Ahimsa Collective creates handbags out of existing resources, would-be-waste, and innovative plant-based textiles.
Moreover, each Ahimsa bag component has an ‘End Of Life’ program.
This extends from the closed-loop system of recycled water bottles that line the bags, to the raw material of the FSC Certified washable paper and piñatex (pineapple leather) as the main material in the brand's bags.
The Monica Pencil clutch is hand-crafted using Desserto cactus leather-like on the outer and 100% GOTS certified organic cotton for the inner.
The bag is secure and more functional than it appears.
It has two roomy compartments and an additional slot for your mobile.
You can pair it with your favorite denim and heeled boots.
Or, just sling it over your shoulder on a night out in sleek chic style.

3. Chocolate Thoroughbred Bag by Jill Milan

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BRAND | Jill Milan MADE IN | Italy STYLE | Handbag MATERIALS | Italian gold-coated canvas and black faux leather BEST FOR | Work or uni PRICE | $700
wardrobeoftomorrow.com
The co-founder of Jill Milan, Jill Fraser spent years searching for a luxury bag that was not made of animal leather.
Eventually, she partnered with Milan Lazich and launched Jill Milan in 2010, aiming to address a gap she perceived in the market.
All Jill Milan creations are vegan and are crafted by artisans in Italy.
Everything is done by hand and the quality is magnificent.
Jill Milan bags are very popular with celebrities and have been spotted on the red carpet, at the Oscars and movie premiers.
Celebrities such as Anne Hathaway, Kerry Washington, and Eva Longoria are all big fans of the brand.
The Thoroughbred Bag is spacious enough for an overnight trip or ideal for daily use.
It is adorned with a handmade horse head and brass crafted by an Italian artisan.
The bag is both elegant and timeless, made in limited quantities.
It is very practical and yet stylish, suitable for work or leisure.
The interior is designed to easily accommodate your tablet computing device and mobile phone.

4. Marcelline Tote by Moenn

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BRAND | Moenn MADE IN | Asia, China STYLE | Large Handbag - Tote bag MATERIALS | Premium Vegan Leather BEST FOR | Travelling PRICE | ~~$109~~ $89
shopmoenn.com
Moenn is known for its minimalist, classic designs that reflect a deep belief in sustainable innovation.
But, what does that mean?
To Moenn sustainable innovation means using superior non-animal skin materials, following ethical labor practices, and delivering the highest quality.
The brand regularly researches and explores innovative new materials and has committed to using linings made from recycled plastic bottles.
Marcelline Totem bag comes in either caramel or black and is made from premium vegan leather.
It is large and accommodating and it closes with a magnetic Snap.

5. Falabella Mini Tote by Stella McCartney📷

BRAND | Stella McCartney MADE IN | Italy STYLE | Mini Tote - Handbag MATERIALS | 100% Polyester, lining 100% ECONYL® recycled nylon BEST FOR | Night outs PRICE | $865
wardrobeoftomorrow.com
Stella McCartney needs no introduction in the world of sustainable fashion.
The British fashion designer is known for her luxury lines of vegan, cruelty-free bags.
Stella uses vegetarian leather, ultra-suede, and recycled polyester.
Of all the brands on this list, Stella McCartney takes the cake when it comes to blending luxury with sustainability.
The brand's mission statement puts ethics and sustainable practices at the center, with the aim of creating a world that treats people, the planet, and animals equally.
That's why the company avoids fur and uses recycled materials, to reduce its environmental impact.
Stella McCartney's vegan alternatives retain patterns that resemble rare animal leather or snakeskin still to give the products that 'designer fee'.
Stella McCartney is a lifelong vegetarian so it’s no surprise that she doesn’t feature any leather or fur in her collections.
Stella’s commitment to sustainability is evident in all her collections and is part of her brand’s ethos of being a responsible, honest, and modern company.
If you are looking for high-quality, luxury vegan products then Stella McCartney may be the perfect fit for you! If you’re wondering whether any designer bags are vegan then Stella is the way to go!
Our favorite Stella McCartney vegan handbag is the label's Mini Tote signature bag.
Part of the Falabella family, this light-weight structured mini bag features the signature diamond cut chain.
Made in Italy from the brand's proprietary vegan leather-like material.

6. Rotunda Vegan Handbag by Gunas

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BRAND | Gunas MADE IN | South Korea STYLE | Handbag - Cross Body Bag MATERIALS | 100% Vegan textured Eco-Polyurethane BEST FOR | On the go PRICE | $195
wardrobeoftomorrow.com
Located in Long Island City, NY, Gunas makes vegan handbags from cruelty-free and PVC-free materials.
The brand also uses recycled nylons, coated canvas, cork, rubber, upcycled polyester, and proprietary ultra-leather.
As one of the first fully vegan brands in the world, Gunas has been selling vegan shoes and handbags for the last ten years.
The brand started in a Manhattan studio apartment, under the guidance of Sugandh Agrawal, who wanted to create a fashion brand centered around activism.
Rather than using leather, Sugandh decided to use canvas, nylons, upcycled materials, and other sustainable materials.
Nowadays, Gunas offers a wide range of handbags, purses, clutches, totes, and shoulder bags, with dozens of five-star reviews.
‘Rotunda’ bag is named after the famous Capitol in Washington, the United States, Guggenheim museum, and the Pantheon in Rome.
All of these buildings are round domed structures and the type of architecture represents the “authority of nature and power of reason”.
Rotunda bag is the Gunas’ symbol of important issues of our times such as women’s rights, equality for all, and animal rights.

7. Hamilton Satchel Micro by Angela Roi

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BRAND | Angela Roi MADE IN | Asia, Korea STYLE | Mini Handbag - Mini Cross Body Bag MATERIALS | Vegan Leather (EPUL) BEST FOR | All occasion PRICE | $235
angelaroi.com
Angela Roi is a vegan and cruelty-free label from New York that uses its own blend of polyurethane 'leather'.
Creation of two co-founders (Angela and Roi, obviously) the brand wants to bring virtue to an otherwise competitive and wasteful industry: fashion.
The label's vegan leather and artisanal staple piece purses are ethically made from premium vegan materials while remaining affordable.
If you're looking for bucket bags, totes, pouches, saddlebags, or any other staple pieces, Angela Roi has them in stunning colors and with superb design.
The company also gives back by supporting charities worldwide who fought against animal mistreatment and poaching.
Angela Roi makes premium vegan leather handbags that are modern classics.
Their leather bags are constructed solely with non-animal materials and their artisans get paid fair wages for meaningful work in clean, comfortable factories.
Hamilton Satchel Micro is a smaller, more compact version of the Hamilton Collection.
The gunmetal silver hardware adds an edgy touch to the bag.
After years of searching for the perfect balance between durability and softness, Angela found this new vegan micro-pebble leather, which possesses both structure and flexibility.
Hamilton is the first collection Angela created with the new material.
Meticulously handcrafted by skilled artisans, Hamilton Satchel Micro is complexity turned simple, cruelty-free, and sweatshop-free.

8. Adelsm Small Satchel by Matt & Nat

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BRAND | Matt & Nat MADE IN | Canada STYLE | Textured Satchel Handbag MATERIALS | 100% recycled nylon lining BEST FOR | Business PRICE | $130
us.mattandnat.com
Matt & Nat is a sustainable label that makes vegan purses from cruelty-free leather alternatives and recycled materials, out of Montreal.
The brand's bags are ethically made from recycled plastic, cork, rubber, recycled nylon.
As a longtime leader in the vegan goods industry, with handbags, shoes, and other vegan accessories, Matt & Nat has implemented cruelty-free and ethical practices that utilize sustainable materials whenever possible.
From wallets to yoga bags and men's briefcases, Matt & Nat uses organic vegan leather to create that polished, high-end look.
We love that their company motto is “live beautifully”, as an acknowledgment of the collective responsibility to nurture and celebrate the creativity, positivity, and most importantly, the humanity inside each one of us.
The brand makes exceptional vegan handbags and should be a top choice for anyone looking to buy a faux leather or vegan leather bag.
Adelsm handbag is a small satchel with double handles and flap closure.
Comes with a detachable and adjustable crossbody strap.

9. Grandeur Shoulder Bag by Scarleton Los Angeles

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BRAND | Scarleton Los Angeles MADE IN | Asia, China STYLE | Handbag - Shoulder Bag MATERIALS | High-quality Eco-friendly Vegan (PU) Leather BEST FOR | On the go PRICE | $24.99
scarleton.com
Scarleton makes really affordable, stylish bags.
The kind where you get asked, “Is your bag vegan? It really looks good!"
If you’re on a budget and are hunting for a bag or vegan backpack then Scarleton is your best bet.
The Scarleton Grandeur is a great handbag and a casual accessory for work or play, spacious and economically priced.
The handbag has lots of storage, enough room for your cell phone, wallet, makeup, and toiletries with plenty of space left over.
If you are an active person in need of a chic and reliable handbag, Grandeur crossbody bag is the one for you.

10. The Fae Top Handle Bag by JW PEI

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BRAND | JW PEI MADE IN | China STYLE | Handbag - Handle Bag MATERIALS | Croc-Embossed Vegan Leather BEST FOR | Night outs PRICE | ~~$79~~ $56
jwpei.com
Hailing from Los Angeles, CA, JW Pei has a minimalist style somehow similar to Matt & Nat.
However, uniquely to other vegan brands, JW Pei specializes in patina made vegan bags.
Made from high-grade polyurethane resin and ultra-fine microfiber bundles, the patina mimics the structure of real leather.
The technology isn’t new but JW Pei brings it to vegan bags, as it’s soft, beautiful, and durable.
The lining of their bags is made from 100% recycled plastic bottles.
Moreover, whilst over 50% of all their plastics are recycled now, the aim is to make this 100% in two years and replace all major materials with recycled materials over the next 5 years.

Best Vegan Handbags - What’s The Verdict?

All handbags in this article are best in their own category and according to what you need one for.
But, most important is that all bags here are ethically made, sustainable, from vegan leather with love for animals and the planet.
It is our personal responsibility to be compassionate and conscious when it comes to considering our fashion choices.
Moreover, seeing these amazing vegan bags, it is clear that you do not have to compromise your style in the name of ethical and sustainable fashion.
As more brands respond to consumers’ demand for eco-friendly and sustainable bags, it is your turn to contribute by choosing cruelty-free and vegan handbags, whenever possible.
Time to shop guilt-free, safe in the knowledge you are helping rather than destroying the environment.

HANX. Or Thanks or Tom Hanks has been Infecting just about just about every “fringe” event of sub-series of conspiracy communities. With all the hoopla surrounding him currently I wanted do dive back a couple years to some of the down right ODD things in connection with Mr Hanks.
From the top I will mention the various point where Tom or connected parties showed up in the particular research I was doing.
First big series of hanks sync weaving was to do when I was researching the Mandela effect and the prominent position Hanks has as a Nexus of effects.
https://www.reddit.com/Retconned/comments/7lfka2/an_exercise_followed_by_examples_word_association/
If you are unfamiliar with the Mandela effect then essentially is a a series of pop culture points that have been altered or a wide collection of people have noticed a change from their memory of a particular specific point.
Weather or not it is faulty human memory or something else is up for debate but what is not up for debate is the rampant and creative ways the Mandela effects connect to Tom Hanks.
I made this post as a way of explaining how to play with words and symbolism, ways of looking at things as a puzzle.
Here is a bit of what that looks like.
Mandel means Almond, An almond is the Mandorla, Mandelas prisoner number is 46664 but used to be 4664 according to some. Cern is said to be responsible or at least involved in some way and their video “Happy” Has Both Nelson Mandela and 4664 (the occluded Prisoner number) Cerns logo has the 666 theme as well as being Mandela effected as well and the effect added a mandorla. Cern built the WWW or 666 vav vav vav 777/ which is also the Monster energy drink logo. LOGOS changing LOGOS is the WORD and the thing that was with God during creation. The levels of fractal metaphor are stunning to me. Staggeringly beautiful not just in their existence but the fact that conscious minds can behold it.
Isnt it funny that Jaws (villian) and Jaws(shark) are both to do with The mouth and teeth and the ME involves braces... And that the dolly/jaws scene had them mirror each others smiles, like in snow whites mirror mirror. and that the actress who plays dolly is Blanche Ravelec. Blanche means White/pure. As does Clarice In the Silence of the lions/lamb.... loins fruit of the womb. froot looms loony looms..... the double 00 thing oo like eyes that see.
Sally fields name is effected, her famous Oscar speech is effected, she costars in forest gump which has curious George as a key element and sally field being the one Tom hanks is quoting, he would then be involved in another ME later on. And sally fields brother works at cern... Tom hank is also Woody and Says “Theirs a Snake in my Boots” which contextually makes no sense and reminds us of the Fields not having a plural.. Another way to look at that is “Boots” could be interpreted as a word.. and the Snake is S s is a snake a snake hissessssss los of ssess lol The s on the end can also denote possession (again more S'es) possession is ownership and ownership is shackling and oppressive. You may also be reminded of Field of Dreams “If you build it THEY/HE will come (who is he?) HE is right in the middle of THEY TY thank you... and back to the start with the fact sally fields acceptance speech was her saying thank you to the academy.
This may appear to be nonsense or gibberish but if you had the time and knew the things I was referencing then you would be able to see the connections.
Of Course this is just nothing as it is. But then the universe nods to us this genuine morsel.
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/4687152/Tom-Hanks-to-switch-on-repaired-Large-Hadron-Collider.html
Why is Tom Hanks turning the Large Hardron Collider at CERN back on? What is the movie that he is promoting?
https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2009.104
Angels and Demons by Dan Brown the continuation of Robert Langdons Symbologist tour all around the world to uncover exotic secrets and truths.
The next in the series is.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(2016_film))

Langdon and Brooks figure out that Zobrist, who was obsessed with Dante, has created a viral superweapon he has dubbed "Inferno", with the potential of annihilating half the world's population. In the meantime, they have been traced by both Vayentha and agents from the World Health Organization (WHO),
https://www.reddit.com/C_S_T/comments/ckwrv5/tom_hanks_the_mandela_effect_and_the_essence_of/

The craziest part about the LHC CERN connection is that I didn't see it back when I was deeply diving into Tom hanks and the Mandela effect. That fact came later along with this particular nugget I have seen no one reference.
https://www.reddit.com/MandelaEffect/comments/7kxwby/the_mandel_effect_is_the_precursor_to_quantum/
The MANDEL effect is the precursor to quantum computing.
My wife comes in and mentions that she got an ad for the movie Splash with Tom hanks, while I am Knee deep in looking into “Red Shoes”
I started looking into this movie because of the notable Calling Card that Hanx has developed on twitter. He has posted pictures of lone gloves, shoes and other discarded or lost objects. Its kind of his “Thing”
I first had this brought to my attention due too my research into the Death of Issac Kappy. Which is another completely bonkers rabbithole that covers Epstein and leads to the death of researcher Tracey Twymin.
Kappy had called out some folks in his various videos before his death.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyG1nyWhR28&t=225s
ANNNNDD HOLY FUCK what is this!?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGv79VO6dp8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0PMRmZinHI
Whelp this is new too me. Damn strange , The way hes propped up and the fact the time stamp in the video is 2 mins before he is noted as jumping off the bridge as there was supposedly a group of 6 or 7 teenagers on the bridge attempting to stop him.
Did anyone notice the song playing in the background.”When Im gone” by 3 doors down....
https://genius.com/3-doors-down-when-im-gone-lyrics
Why is this anything pertaining to Tom Hanks?
https://twitter.com/tomhanks/status/1114014676734451712
Tom hanks posted a picture of a discarded glove with the caption “Historic Route 66. Roadkill? I hope not! Hanx. “
This was on 4-4-2018 and 40 days(5 weeks 5 days) before Kappys death on Route 66.
2 posts later on the day that Kappy died Hanks posts
https://twitter.com/tomhanks/status/1128061487929389056
Look up the significance of handkerchiefs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handkerchief_code
That wasn't what I expected but it fits in.
https://twitter.com/tomhanks
It looks like Hanx twitter is where a lot the juicy conspiratorial coincidences lie.
Make not of all of the posts made from 3-13-20 and beyond and you will see that there is a pattern to the posting style not present before.
Before 3-11-20 he posted inside the ap using the twitter posting ap, and writing the post and attatching a picture.
After 3-11-20 all of his posts where he writes a blurb are pictures of text with pictures embedded
https://twitter.com/tomhanks/status/1237909897020207104/photo/1 With this seeming like the post he had been destined to post this whole time. The lone glove in bio-hazard waste bin.
And then drops this gem of a post.
https://twitter.com/tomhanks/status/1240024515498786816/photo/1
Haha oh my, so ironic that I brought my CORONA typewriter all the way to Australia only to get the CORONAvirus.
“My wife has won 6 straight hands of gin rummy and leads by 201 points.”
This first thing that jumped out is 201.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoLw-Q8X174
Taking place in NYC on Oct 18-19 by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation. (who are also involved with Vaccines and ID2020, and global management systems.)
https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back
Nov-17-19 was the first traced case of the Corona-virus Covid-19
This simulation was based on the Coronavirus from Pigs in 2019
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_(zodiac))
Now we are in the year of the RAT. Which is quite heavily intoned with the black plague
https://chinesenewyear.net/
The phrase "black death" (mors nigra) was used in 1350 by Simon de Covino or Couvin, a Belgian astronomer, who wrote the poem "On the Judgment of the Sun at a Feast of Saturn" (De judicio Solis in convivio Saturni), which attributes the plague to a conjunction) of Jupiter and Saturn. Hmm that is indeed interesting as I am aware that there is a Great Conjunction this very year, the year of the Rat. And the Year of the Coronavirus.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_conjunction
This conjunction is taking place on the solstice which is quite significant.
May-31-2000 was our last great conjunction and can you see how the world is so much different from that point in time. And we can suspect that this point in 2020 is yet another turning point into a “New Normal”
Note that Dante Alighieri was very involved with astrology and had a penchant for the Great conjunctions in particular. And He was the inspiration of the movie INFERNO with Tom hanks trying to prevent a global outbreak intended to reduce the population to save the planet.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri
https://books.google.com/books?id=rR-8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=dante+great+conjunction&source=bl&ots=HxnVXyKCti&sig=ACfU3U3w3tf4y5l-RjEYU7Xwz5UtrtwCXQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFqL76xsDoAhVCSN8KHQ5VBeQQ6AEwBXoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=dante%20great%20conjunction&f=false …......................................................................................................................... Here is a point of note. I am browsing this wiki for the first time and I am seeing this nugget.
Pope Boniface quickly dismissed the other delegates and asked Dante alone to remain in Rome. At the same time (November 1, 1301), Charles of Valois entered Florence with the Black Guelphs, who in the next six days destroyed much of the city and killed many of their enemies. A new Black Guelph government was installed, and Cante dei Gabrielli da Gubbi was appointed podestà of the city.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podest%C3%A0
Podesta really..... I had no idea this name meant anything, really never looked into it, even though I have an obsession with names and the meanings of said names, I had not sought this.
Ok I seem to be diving into other trails in this Warren of rabbit holes.
Back too Event 201 and Tom hanks game with Rita Wilson where 6 games in is ahead 201 points.
https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6201
What is this? 6201.................... 6 games 201 points...... bill signed into law the day you and Rita Wilson tested positive for corona virus in Australia with your CORONA typewriter?
So we have a grand convergence of coincidence. 1 with event 201 coming before HR 6201 is passed and 2 with the rummy game hanks played with his wife referencing said bill.
https://globalnews.ca/news/6719291/madonna-coronavirus-bathtub-rant/
https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9330887/madonna-cancels-madame-x-paris-shows-coronavirus-restrictions
MADAME X is Madonnas alter ego that she created these past couple years. And she had an interesting back to her album cover that came out last year.
https://www.mad-eyes.net/music/madame-x/img/album_madame-x_deluxe_back.jpg
The album releasing in June of 2019 has a picture of Madame wearing gloves and typing on a Corona Typewriter, the same typewriter that hanks brought with him too Australia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_X_(album))
Too add more synchromystic stuff too the mix we have this
https://www.reddit.com/typewriters/comments/6pzyp8/where_can_i_get_similar_pape
I searched for Tom hanks and found this post from Typewriters and its simply an autographed Typewriter but altogether a nod that Im on the right path.
OH fuckin Kay I guess this means something
You may mention above I said my wife came In in and mentioned the Tom hanks Movie splash.
https://d2e111jq13me73.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/styles/product_image_aspect_switcher_170w/public/product-images/csm-movie/splash.jpg?itok=nOlS8nFn
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/Splash_ver2.jpg
Directed by
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babaloo_Mandel
Babaloo Mandel? Baloo and Mandel, for real? Mandel like the Mandel effect and the Mandela effect. And Baloo like the character from the jungle book who is not wearing coconuts as a bra anymore?
Look up “Baloo Mandela effect” and you'll see what I mean.
This stood out too me because of course Tom hanks connection too the Mandela effect through notably the Most Mandela effects attributed to his name and works. But I didn't think it was 'Enough” to share here.
So after seeing Madonna and Tom hanks connected via the Corona Typewriter I googled . “Tom Hanks and Madonna”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_League_of_Their_Own
OK so the other film by Babaloo Mandel that stood out as another Tom hanks flick was this movie .
Im getting long winded and as always there is more left out then I have presented it too you as their really is no way of condensing this so that you acquire the full picture.
I end with a question?!!!
What was Madonnas name before she changed it too MADONNA for the purposes of being a star?
https://www.reddit.com/MandelaEffect/comments/538lcf/residue_of_madonnas_real_name_maria_louise_ciccone/
Well that's not actually the end because we need to wrap this baby up in swaddling clothes.
https://www.reddit.com/Retconned/comments/aogi7m/the_heart_of_forrest_gump_or_the_trees_do_you_see/
Tom hanks wife is Rita Wilson...................... Wilson you say?! Hmmm well the vollyball in CAST AWAY must have been named after her... right????
In the film, Wilson the volleyball) serves as Chuck Noland's personified friend and only companion during the four years that Noland spends alone on a deserted island. Named after the volleyball's manufacturer, Wilson Sporting Goods, the character was created by screenwriter William Broyles, Jr While researching for the film, he consulted with professional survival experts, and then chose to deliberately strand himself for one week on an isolated beach in the Gulf of California, to force himself to search for water and food, and obtain his own shelter. During this time, a volleyball washed up on shore. This was the inspiration for the film's inanimate companion. From a screenwriting point of view, Wilson also serves to realistically allow dialogue in a one-person-only situation
Here is a prime example of synchronicity that when brought up to someone not exposed to these ideas they would come back at you with “Well its prolly because his wife was named Wilson” and then the door is shut for them they don't have to take on any new ideas or modify there existing foundation of reality. If you tell anyone a small peculiar fact then they inevitably try and “Solve” what you just told them. They have to organize the new information in a way that doesn't cause uncomfortability or stress. The human brain seems to have an Autonomic response to new information that doesn't jive with the world view that person has built up over the years.
Mention any Mandela effect and someone will try and come up with a reason to ignore what you are presenting to them. The effects themselves are in such mundane places that it doesn't seem to have much weight to the average Joe.
It seems like many people fall into the logical fallacy of the “Wisdom of the Crowd” Even if they have no concept of what this is they may still fall into its tenants.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd
Take any of the biggest conspiracies out there. The moon landing, 9-11, flat earth. The bigger and more wide spanning the conspiracy then the more “Well, if this is real then people would have said something about it” “You couldn't keep a secret that big” “Somebody in my life would have told me if X was True/False.” Have you seen the meme from xfiles with the poster Mulder has saying “I want to believe” with a flying saucer on it. Thats what this is like. But the train goes both ways. “I want” and “I dont want. “
https://www.amazon.com/X-Files-Poster-Believe-Official-24x36/dp/B003V1IU3O/ref=asc_df_B003V1IU3O/?tag=hyprod-20&linkCode=df0&hvadid=309733593834&hvpos=1o1&hvnetw=g&hvrand=8924062892720319746&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9010924&hvtargid=pla-571329128101&psc=1&tag=&ref=&adgrpid=61981387152&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvadid=309733593834&hvpos=1o1&hvnetw=g&hvrand=8924062892720319746&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9010924&hvtargid=pla-571329128101
Both of these Mantras play out in our heads unbeknownst to our recognition. A duel play on what we wish reality to be and what we wish it not to be. As want and unwant are dualistic sides of the same coin. For someone that believes 9-11 was an inside job. “I want to believe” that I among all these other people on this planet found out that this large sector of society has been duped and I am one of the few people smart enough to have figured it out.
For someone who thinks 9-11 conspiracy theorists are insane. “ I dont want to believe I have been duped by the establishment and that everything I have been taught and all the people that I love have been duped into believing an untruth.”
I think this is mainly something that stems from our human need for others to identify with and a tribe to call home. And to have our beliefs echoed by another group. To be acknowledged as a contributor to the paradigm and to feel validated by others that feel the same way.
Its like we are innately narcissistic creatures who love our own images. We find those most similar to us and we just stare at each other reflecting the same ideas and producing a greater dived between US and THEM.What it comes down to is life's great mystery. Which takes shape in questions we ask ourselves: ” Why do I exist?” “Why is reality a thing instead of a non-thing?” “What is my purpose?”
Instead of “what is my purpose?” it becomes “Is there even a purpose?”
Mainstream elements give us Relativity, The Big Bang, and Evolution.
If a human delves into and absorbs these tenants of culture, then one may come to the conclusion that reality is the result of a freak accident of random number of infinite forces coming together and creating everything you know and love and think and do. That it is all a fluke and you are just lucky..... but luck doesn't exist because this is a random universe and nothing lies deeper than surface exploration.
To identify Self you must also have the Other. The contrast creates the existence of a thing.Imagine 2 worlds, one of infinite shadow and one of infinite light. The one of infinite shadow would be a black slate and the world of light a white slate. Without contrast everything is nothing. Sense without the lack of sense is Nonsense. A world of pure sound or silence is a world where sound isn't a thing that exists. If you ask the question. “What is a thing” the answer would be the inverse of its opposite. What is an exhale. It is the inverse of an inhale. But what is that? It is a see saw..... seeing and after seeing sawing. SAW because it WAS. Its like pIng pOng In and Out IO overlapped is the symbol for power. On/Off. Imagine a hero without a villain. The story of Batman is a prime example of the balancing force of the universe. Without the Joker he would have never experienced the trauma to become the batman, its very possible that if the joker had not killed his parents that he would not have had fear in the cave with the bats. Joker was the primeval creation force alchemizing the batman into existence.
And then you ask would the Joker have done what he did if he didn't have a nemesis to combat against... a force to emphasize his existence
This reality/ game seems like a puzzle of disCERNment. That the presence of so many untruths shows us the massive amounts of truths that can be yielded. The shadows can show us where the light lies.
https://twitter.com/nowthisnews/status/1242246372000059393
I see this when I go to CNN today to see that Tom and Rite are at home safe and sound.
Why does she make a video holding a book that she is not reading and making sure to show the title in the scene.
Enders Game, Or is it the End Game of the end times ala Thanos Snap reducing the worlds population.
I read this book in high-school.
https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=today%203-m&geo=US&q=enders%20game
Im sure more people are saying whats dat book she readin in dere.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game
The book is a story of a dystopian future where children are raised on video games and are chosen based on their aptitude to be brought into the military and as a part of their training they do a series of “Wargames” via simulations systems and Haptic feedback suits for realism. SPOILER ALERT! The simulations they were performing were actual drone battle missions where they were killing actual sentient creatures.
The psychology of getting kids to perform against actual foes with the knowledge that it was all a game made them more proficient in their duty to kill.
Ok lets reel it back for a
TLDR.
Tom hanks is involved or a focal point in the Mandela effect phenomenon present in Forrest Gump Life is/.was like a box of chocolates, Apollo 13 Houston we have/we've had a problem, Woody from toy story says “There's a snake in my boot/s ,Momma from Forrest Gump is played by sally field/s whose name is considered a Mandela effect and has a famous Oscar speech that is commonly attributed to the Mandela effect and Sally Fields brother in real life is a scientist at CERN. CERN makes a video set too Pharrells Happy that is filmed at Cern and a scientist holds up signs saying Bond# (Barry Nelson) and Mandela underneath, also showing the number 4664
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46664
Tom hanks then turns CERN back on after a failure that had occurred. He did this in honor of a movie Angels and Demons whos sequel INFERNO has Hanks catch a virus set to be a worldwide pandemic for the purposes of population control for the greater good. In Nov of 2019 one month before the first documented case of Novel Coronavirus Event 201 is hosted in NYC by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation. And on 3-11-2020 the same day Hanks and Rita announce they are infected with Corona virus, after bringing a Corona typewriter all the way to Australia. Then Hanks announces his wife's score of 6 games 201 points. When 6201 if you google it will get you one thing.
https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6201
Hanks is called out in a video also calling out Epstein and others involved in the underground trafficking of children, This person is then killed/died/epstiened on route 66 which Tom hanks Tweets about.
There is some funky stuff going on in the world and to be blunt there are 3 options. And then variations between those 3 options.
The extremes are

This is all orchestrated and everything presented through the public is controlled/filtered and dispensed with one purpose. All news media and things that people talk about are intricately put together to share some underlying puzzle.

Ways this could be feasible: this is a simulation and everything is preordained and put in place with no free will to the occupants in the simulation.
Ways it couldn't be feasible. Barring a simulation it just would not cut it to have any sort of person or group in charge of such a thing, its too well orchestrated for human hands.
I suppose a god of the realm in control of such things could perform such a feat..... but why?

This is all the universe playing a coincidence game, a red herring game of sorts to keep some busy and others asleep. Like if Tom hanks really got the itch to bring his Corona typewriter and he and his wife did actually play games of Gin Rummy that resulted in the 6 games 201 points with Event 201 being finished and HR 6201 just passing the same day they are infected with coronavirus.

This is just one facet of the coincidental underlying tapestry that paints itself underneath human activity.
Within this post I detail some stellar findings/coincidences that bear repeating here.
https://www.reddit.com/conspiracy/comments/8pgmln/william_blakespeare666_cyphers_the_man_in_black/
https://imgur.com/F3zCiRw
And here Is one of the most incredible coincidence blocks ive ever seen.
What are the odds that is is 666.6 nautical miles between the Kaaba and The Temple Mount of Jerusalem?
What are the odds that 666. Nautical miles =1234.56432 Kilometers ? You have the sequential united with the repetitive number sequences married by a relationship between the size of the earth and the speed of light.
https://imgur.com/F3zCiRw
What are the odds of Stanley Kubrick writing a movie that feature 2001 as a key plot point and in this film show a man “Dave Bowman” play chess against HAL which is 1 letter transliterated from IBM and that 666 days before Stanley Kubrick's death IBM's Deep Blue beats Gary Kasparov at chess and that 666 days after Stanley Kubrick's death is the Dawn of the 21st Century 2001. To tie all that up Kubrick References 666 through the occulted wink of the number that is missing. as Officer # 665 and 667 are apprehending the main droog of the story.
https://imgur.com/GSx4hZX
What are the odds that Wilson the volleyball is not named after Rita Wilson, his wife who kept her last name. But is instead named because the Writer stranded himself on an island and a Wilson Volleyball washed up onshore. This is the type of coincidence that bars any human forethought or knowledge to arranging. One of those universal winks in the form of syncs.
Look for my post history and you will find hundreds of WTF how is this a coincidence facts that could be both coincidence/divine providence/ or the will of man.
Oh yeah and the 3rd Extreme way of looking at this data I have presented here and in the past is to just shut the door and say.
“Nothing” none of this means anything at all and you are just thinking too much or looking too deep.
The most likely is a synergy of these 3 points. There maybe a controlling organization or AI program controlling the media and news, film and music. But there is most likely a clever universal side of things projecting the ironic in these peculiar times. And im sure some of this is just digging to deep as everything is intrinsically connected .
What cant be stated is the data presented is incorrect(unless it is,im not perfect) it is our interpretation of the data that differs, im not making any conclusions, im only discussing options and possibilities.

This is all orchestrated and everything presented through the public is controlled/filtered and dispensed with one purpose. All news media and things that people talk about are intricately put together to share some underlying puzzle.

This is all the universe playing a coincidence game, a red herring game of sorts to keep some busy and others asleep. Like if Tom hanks really got the itch to bring his Corona typewriter and he and his wife did actually play games of Gin Rummy that resulted in the 6 games 201 points with Event 201 being finished and HR 6201 just passing the same day they are infected with coronavirus.

Hello everyone. You might remember I wrote a couple guides for roll20 and promised I'd write one for Foundry. This is not that. I have this weird draft with notes and dots and confusing language sitting aside, and one day I'll finish it, but as it turns out one of the reasons it's not done is that it works best if I break it in parts. So I'll write up a nice introduction and guide to the basics... one day. For now I have a module guide ready, so you get this. I know, I know, I'm working in reverse. That's the risk you take when you read guides written in Australia, be glad it's not poisoned.

So, let's start from the menu. From the main page you'll find a tab labelled Add-On Modules. That's what we're working on today, and that's where you start.
To install a module, simply go to the Add-On Module section and hit the Install Module button at the bottom. You can search from a list of community approved modules, or you can install a module manually using the web address for its manifest file (but that is something you do when you know what you're doing, so don't worry). For now, simply search the names, hit install, and watch the magic happen.
You also should make sure your Foundry, System and all Modules are up to date. A quick update search won't hurt.
So, what modules do we look for?
I always state front and center that the Furnace is mandatory.
Not only does Furnace enable a bunch of extra functions and macro abilities, it also adds one insanely convenient function to your left-side menu bar: Ignore Token Vision. Clicking this blessing from the heavens will stop you from getting locked in into the field of view of your players every time you click on them, allowing you to do your job without having to click something else first.
So, install Furnace first, and then we can talk about everything else.
Done? Good, let's continue with suggestions. From now on, pick what you like.

Core modules:
These modules enhance key experience, usability, and function.
PDF to Foundry Importer: Converts your paizo adventure path pdf into a foundry world, with preset maps, walls, npcs and everything else. Specifically and intentionally does not work with pirate pdfs.
No Token Animation: have you noticed how tokens constantly drift around and float lazily to wherever you bring them? With this, you can turn that off. Tokens will still pan when using pathing and movement (ctrl+drag or cmd+drag). A more advanced version of this, Token Animation Tools, allows for the same function OR for more defined options in regards to how / when panning happens.
Pings: So that you can now hold your mouse and show a tiny crosshair. The image, colour, and effect on it is locally customisable, so that colourblind players can choose to see pings differently. GMs can also shift+ping to move everyone to a point of interest.
PopOut: To create small popout windows out of sheets and other features. This tends to create some issues with blank pages when encountering high latency, but it's a very good way of avoiding GM screen clutter.
Grid Scaler: adds a few extra buttons to your toolbar to help with map managment. I mostly just use it to quickly align maps, but there is more to it if you want to experiment.
Deselect: to easily remove selection of tokens and creatures. Suggested by u/bigsexy420
Actually Private Rolls: to hide the fact that you rolled something, rather than just the result.
No Summon Vision: Grants players vision of all their tokens combined, rather than the one selected. This means you can give them summons with no vision without blinding them.

GLITCHY MODULES:
Some modules cause bugs due to interactions with the PF2 core system: do not install Dynamic Effects, or it'll mess up your modifiers. A few other modules (such as Spell Effects) don't work with pf2, but DE is the only one that caused me straight up issues.

Fancy modules:
These modules are made with the clear intent of making roll20 jealous.
Token Mold: This module can set some default options for tokens. For example, it could make it so that all tokens you make are slightly different in size, making NPCs look more unique, or it could add random extras to their names, such as "fat goblin" and "fearsome goblin". More interestingly, however, it can create specific token overlays, where you decide a type of token, a symbol, and a value to display. Users with ownership of the token will see the overlay, either always or on hover. To me, this means that players and monsters always display their AC value, players display their Hero Points, and hazards display their Perception DC.
Trigger Happy: If you want automation, Trigger Happy is your gateway. The module allows for events and triggers, such as "a player stepped on this trap". They can be more or less complex, but my favourite so far is this:

@Token[trap] u/Trigger[capture move] u/ChatMessage[/BadFeeling]

or, in human words, "when a Token moves on or across then token "trap", have it send the message "/BadFeeling" in chat". /BadFeeling is a script macro which freezes the game, preventing anyone from moving, and lets the unfortunate character say the words "I have a bad feeling about this..."
Multilevel Tokens: This is an interesting one. It allows GMs to set mirroring areas - areas that replicate the movements and images of tokens located elsewhere. Its use is fairly niche, but I've used it to let players "look down" on lower floors or similar effects... however, the reason it's here is way more interesting: it lets people climb stairs. I'll explain. Say you have a two level map, and there's a staircase. You install Multilevel and draw a square with your drawing tool (make it invisible). Then, in the square, add a label called "@inout:north". Do the same on the other staircase you want to connect. So long as the square is larger than the tokens, anyone that steps in there will be teleported to the connected square. MAGIC! You can do a ton of stuff with this. Like a pit trap.
Maestro: A ton of audio options, from explosions tied to fireballs to better control over soundtracks to even giving a player or villain a main theme during his/her turn! Suggested by u/Unikatze
Pathfinder 2e quick rolls: This is the kind of thing you either love or hate, but it's automation to the extreme. Quick rolls allows you to automatically roll one or more tokens for a specific check and find out the degree of success and by how much it beats or fails. For example, targeting six hobgoblins and clicking the Reflex Save under the Fireball spell will automatically do everything and tell you which one succeeded, critted, failed, or critfailed. Targeting a player and rolling the hobgoblin's strike will tell you whether the player was hit or not in a single click. And so on. You can choose to enable or disable almost any function on it, as well as who can use it or when. To me it's a mild timesaver.
FXMaster: Foundry has a few weather effects, like snow or rain. FXMaster has the rest, including ember rains, underwater bubbles or ondulating effects, or random passing crows. Highly customisable.
Dancing Lights: FXMaster does weather. Dancing Lights does lighting. You already know dynamic lights can be sized and changed, but with Dancing Lights they can pulsate, grow like firelight, change colour, fade, or any combination. If you want atmosphere, you want Dancing Lights.
Ambient Doors: Adds custom SFX to doors. I wish it also did ambient light settings, but maybe one day. Suggested by u/Unikatze

Handy Modules:
These modules save you some work, or show something neat which might come useful at times.
Token Auras: Add an aura effect to any token. Handy to keep track of spell effects.
Token Action HUD: in my roll20 guide I strongly advised to set tokens buttons. Foundry has much better functionality, so it's not as needed, but if you got used to them, this is how you get them. Suggested by u/ParticularFreedom
Torch: Adds a token button to turn on/off a light source without having to do manual assignment. Range can be customised.
Health Estimate: displays a description of the %-health state for tokens. Good to add uncertainty while still giving a quick read to players.
Combat Enhancements: Allows for a radial health bar rather than the classic flat line. Also allows to use drag/drop to alter the turn order. Suggested by u/Unikatze
Let Me Roll That For You: A handy way for GMs to prompt a roll request - player will then need to confirm the roll. Basically you're pointing them to it, which is great for newbies. Suggested by u/Unikatze
Mount Up!: allows to join tokens so that your familiar can mount the wizard or the fighter can mount his horse. Just don't try to mount the druid.
Virtual Tabletop Assets: Tokenizer: lets you quickly turn an image into a formatted token. Suggested by u/bigsexy420
Turn Alert: allows you to add turn tracking or turn alerts, handy for big fights. Suggested by u/bigsexy420
Turn Marker: adds a little UI to highlight the active playenpc. Suggested by u/Unikatze
About Time: tracks time intervals, handy for downtime activities and to track immunities. Suggested by u/Unikatze
CalendaWeather: add an implemented Golarion calendar, including seasons, regional climate, randomised weather and day/night cycle. Suggested by u/Unikatze
Polyglot: Allows to implement language text, which is unreadable to those who don't understand the language. Suggested by u/magispitt
Forien's Unidentified Items: Places an overlay onto an item's sheet that makes it unreadable until it's identified. Suggested by u/Unikatze

The main element of FoundryVTT is its customisation, so there are dozens and dozens more modules out there - I only showed the ones I like most out of the ones I tried :) Let me know what module YOU loved most of all, and scroll through the comments to find some new ones!

Also, now that I posted the Modules guide, it's a 50/50 shot on whether I publish the macro guide or the intro guide next. We'll see how it goes!

The second wave of circumcision promotion was begun in the 1940s with shoddy gynecological research promoting male genital cutting for supposed benefits to female health. Like all the studies promoting male cutting before them, these studies were eventually disproved, but they had the intended effect on promoting genital cutting.
At this time, childbirth, which had traditionally been done in the home, began to move into hospitals. While there are benefits to this, one issue this led to was newborns being easy prey for circumcising doctors. Parental consent was not needed yet, and circumcision was nearly automatic for boys born in hospitals. This is also when the shift begins to happen between the U.S. and the other circumcising countries (mostly English speaking). After WWII, most countries adopted a public healthcare system and did not cover circumcision. The U.S., however, continued with privatized healthcare, adding a financial incentive to continue the procedure.

1940: ~65% of the newborn American male population is circumcised and 42% of adult men

1940 Charles Lane, a physician in Poughkeepsie, New York, believed the clitoris “a very important organ to the health and happiness of the female,” and performed circumcisions on women unable to reach orgasm. In a 1940 article concerning his use of circumcision on a patient—Mrs. W., a 22-year-old woman who had recently married but had yet to experience an orgasm—Lane noted “that little trick did it all right.” [quoted in S.B. Rodriguez]
1940 Aaron Goldstein invents the Gomco Clamp, manufactured by the Goldstein Medocal Company. It was widely marketed and quickly became the most popular tool for circumcision on the U.S. and Canada.
The Gomco method requires the foreskin be torn from the glans and a dorsal slit cut on the tissue. A bell is placed over the glans and the foreskin is pulled over it. The base of the clano is placed over the bell. By applying the nut, the device is tightened cutting off blood to the foreskin. After sitting for 5 minutes, the surgeon will amputate the foreskin with a scalpel.
[U.S. Patent 119180, issued February 27, 1940]
1941 Allan F. Guttmacher promoted mass circumcision as a means of "blunting male sexual sensitivity." He also implied incorrectly that an infant's intact foreskin needs to be forcibly retracted to be scrubbed daily. This was an imperative to damage children's genitals from a medical authority, the doctor-editor of a parenting magazine and the founder of Planned Parenthood. He claimed that failing to treat a child by damaging his foreskin would inevitably lead to foreskin deformity (phimosis). Supporting the anti-masturbation rationale for the surgery, he wrote:

"[Circumcision] does not necessitate handling of the penis by the child himself and therefore does not focus the male's attention on his own genitals. Masturbation is considered less likely."

He minimized the importance of consent (to the point of non-existence) by mentioning that some doctors performed the surgery without even thinking of obtaining a parent's permission:

"Some doctors make a practice of routine circumcision unless specific objection is raised by the parents, while others first consult the parents in order to discover their wishes."

When consent was not even a consideration, there must not have been much concern about concealing doctors' financial motivation to perform the surgery:

"When the obstetrician performs the operation he ordinarily adds 10 to 15 percent to his bill, although some include it in their original fee."

[Should the baby be circumcised? Parents Magazine.]
1942 Abraham Ravich claimed that circumcision prevented prostate cancer. [The relationship of circumcision to cancer of the prostate. JU.]
1946 Benjamin Spock recommended circumcision in his popular parenting book, a best selling parenting book for three decades: [Baby and Child Care, NY:Dutten. 1946-76]
1947 Navy doctor Eugene A. Hand successfully advanced the idea within the military that black men were dangerous carriers of disease, and that the low rate of circumcision among them was the main reason for this.

"Circumcision is not common among Negroes.... Many Negroes are promiscuous. In Negroes there is little circumcision, little knowledge or fear of venereal disease and promiscuity in almost a hornet’s nest of infection. Thus the venereal rate in Negroes has remained high. Between these two extremes there is the gentile, with a venereal disease rate higher than that of Jews but much lower than that of Negroes."

1949 Eugene H. Hand declared that circumcision prevented venereal disease and cancer of the tongue. Darby wrote of Hand's dubious research, "Newsweek gave generous coverage to these sensational findings, thereby fuelling the popular perception that a policy of mass circumcision was both scientifically valid and of critical importance to the future security of the nation." [Circumcision and venereal disease. Arch Derm and Syphilology.]
1949 Douglas Gairdner reported that the foreskin develops entirely normally and free of all problems in all but 1% of boys by the age of 15 correcting the popular misconception phimosis was normal, a key part of the pathologization of the foreskin.

"It is a curious fact that one of the operations most commonly performed in this country is also accorded the least critical consideration. In order to decide whether a child's foreskin should be ablated the normal anatomy and function of the structure at different ages should be understood; the danger of conserving the foreskin must then be weighed against the hazards of the operation, the mortality and after-effects of which must be known. Though tens of thousands of infants are circumcised each year in this country, nowhere are these essential data assembled. The intention of this paper is to marshal the facts required by those concerned with deciding the fate of the child's foreskin.
Male circumcision, often associated with analogous sexual mutilations of the female such as clitoric circumcision and infibulation, is practised over a wide area of the world by some one-sixth of its population. Over the Near East, patchily throughout tribal Africa, amongst the Moslem peoples of India and of South-East Asia, and amongst the Australasian aborigines circumcision has been regularly practised for as long as we can tell. Many of the natives that Columbus found inhabiting the American continent were circumcised. The earliest Egyptian mummies (2300 B.C.) were circumcised, and wall paintings to be seen in Egypt show that it was customary several thousand years earlier still.
According to Elliot Smith circumcision is one of the characteristic features of a "heliolithic" culture which, some 15,000 years ago, spread out over much of the world; others believe that the practice must have arisen independently among different peoples. In spite of the enormous literature on the subject (well summarized in Hasting's Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics), we remain profoundly ignorant of the origins and significance of this presumably sacrificial rite. The age at which boys are circumcised varies widely in different races, from the Mosaic practice of circumcising at about the eighth day, to the custom in many African tribes of making circumcision part of an initiation ceremony near the age of puberty. Circumcision was introduced into Roman Europe with Christianity; little is known about its status in mediaeval Europe, but it was probably customary only amongst adherents of the Jewish faith until, with the rise of modern surgery in the nineteenth century, its status changed from a religious rite to that of a common surgical procedure.
It is often stated that the prepuce is a vestigial structure devoid of function. However, it seems to be no accident that during the years when the child is incontinent the glans is completely clothed by the prepuce, for, deprived of this protection, the glans becomes susceptible to injury from contact with sodden clothes or napkin. Meatal ulcer is almost confined to circumcised male infants, and is only occasionally seen in the uncircumcised child when the prepuce happens to be unusually lax and the glans consequently exposed (Freud, 1947).
[Cultural genital cutting in the UK appears to be performed primarily for social class distinction.] Amongst the Western nations the circumcision of infants is a common practice only with the English-speaking peoples. It is, for the most part, not the custom in continental Europe or Scandinavia, or in South America. In England the collected data of various colleagues* who have kindly made observations on infants, school-children, and university students reveal wide variations as between different districts and between different social classes. For instance, in Newcastle-upon-Tyne 12% of 500 male infants aged 12 months were circumcised; in Cambridge the comparable figure was 31% of 89 male infants aged 6 to 12 months. Boys coming from the upper classes are more often circumcised, 67% of 81 13-year-old boys entering a public school had been circumcised, whereas only 50% of 154 boys aged 5 to 14 in primary and secondary schools in the rural districts of Cambridgeshire, and 30% of 141 boys aged 5 to 11 in primary schools in the town of Cambridge, had been circumcised. The influence of social class is shown also by some figures analysed by Sir Alan Rook from a group of university students. Whereas 84% of 73 students coming from the best-known public schools had been circumcised, this was so of only 50% of 174 coming from grammar or secondary schools.
About 16 deaths in children under 5 years occur each year from circumcision. In most of the fatalities which have come to my notice death has occurred for no apparent reason under anaesthesia, but haemorrhage and infection have sometimes proved fatal. Haemorrhage is not uncommon after circumcision. F. J. W. Miller and S. D. Court (1949, personal communication), who followed 1,000 infants in Newcastle-upon-Tyne for their first year, found that 58 were circumcised, and two of these bled sufficiently to require blood transfusion. In my own experience about two out of every 100 children circumcised as hospital out-patients will be admitted on account of haemorrhage or other untoward event. Blood losses in the first year are particularly apt to lead to anaemia, and several infants have been seen with severe iron-deficiency anaemia following haemorrhages after circumcision. Reference has already been made to meatal ulcer, which, in so far as it is so much more frequent in circumcised male infants, should be counted a sequel of the operation.
Through ignorance of the anatomy of the prepuce in infancy, mothers and nurses are often instructed to draw the child's foreskin back regularly, on the supposition that stretching of the foreskin is what is required. I have on three occasions seen young boys with a paraphimosis caused by mothers or nurses who have obediently carried out such instructions; for, although the size of the prepuce does allow the glans to be delivered, the fit is often a close one and slight swelling of the glans, such as may result from forceful efforts at retraction, may make its reduction difficult.
[Developmental errors causing foreskin abnormalities may be promoted by wearing soiled diapers too long.] Inflammation of the glans is uncommon in childhood when the prepuce is performing its protective function. Posthitis - inflammation of the prepuce - is commoner, and it occurs in two forms. One form is a cellulitis of the prepuce; this responds well to chemotherapy and does not seem to have any tendency to recur; hence it is questionable whether circumcision is indicated. More often inflammation of the prepuce is part of an ammonia dermatitis affecting the napkin area. The nature of this condition was firmly established by Cooke in 1921, bit is still not universally known. The urea-splitting Bact. ammoniagenes (derived from faecal flora) acts upon the urea in the urine and liberates ammonia. This irritates the skin, which becomes peculiarly thickened, while superficial desquamation produces a silvery sheen on the skin as if it were covered with a film of tissue paper. Such appearances are diagnostic of ammonia dermatitis, and inquiry will confirm that the napkins, particularly those left on through the longer night interval, smell powerfully of ammonia. Treatment consists in impregnating the napkins with a mild antiseptic inhibiting the growth of the urea-splitting organisms. When involved in an ammonia dermatitis the prepuce shows the characteristic thickening of the skin, and this is often labelled a "redundant prepuce" - another misnomer which may serve as a reason for circumcision. The importance of recognizing ammonia dermatitis lies in the danger that if circumcision is performed, the delicate glans, deprived of its proper protection, is particularly apt to share in the inflammation and to develop a meatal ulcer. Once formed, a meatal ulcer is often most difficult to cure.
[Phimosis concerns wildly overstated.] A number of symptoms of obscure cause, such as enuresis, masturbation, habit spasm, night terrors, or even convulsions, have from time to time been attributed to phimosis, and circumcision has been advised. No evidence exists that a prepuce whose only fault is that it has not yet developed retractability can cause such symptoms.
Conclusions It has been shown that, since during the first few year of life the prepuce is still in process of developing, it is impossible at this period to determine in which infants the prepuce will attain normal retractability. In fact, only about 10% will fail to attain this by the age of 3 years. [Estimates of this age have varied.] In a very few this may prove impossible and circumcision might then be considered a justifiable precaution. Higgins (1949), with long experience of paediatric urology, also concludes that circumcision should not be considered until "after the age of, say, 2 to 3 years." [Thorvaldsen and Meyhoff (2005) carried out a survey in Denmark reporting the average age of first retraction without external assistance at 10.4 years.]
The prepuce of the young infant should therefore be left in its natural state. As soon as it becomes retractable, which will generally occur some time between 9 months and 3 years, its toilet [hygiene] should be included in the routine of bath time, and soap and water applied to it in the same fashion as to other structures, such as the ears, which are customarily treated with special assiduousness on account of their propensity to retain dirt. As the boy grows up he should be taught to keep his prepuce clean himself, just as he is taught to wash his ears. If such a procedure became customary the circumcision of children would become an uncommon operation. This would result in the saving of about 16 children's lives lost from circumcision each year in this country, besides saving much parental anxiety and an appreciable amount of the time of doctors and nurses."

[The Fate of the Foreskin: a study of circumcision. British Med J 1949;2:1433-7.]
Darby wrote of the impact of Gairdner (1949):
"In the United States, however, Gairdner’s paper was ignored, and the old myths repackaged by doctors such as Guttmacher held sway instead. Medical textbooks became even more insistent that obstetricians should examine every newborn boy to check whether his foreskin was adherent, unretractible or too long , and to perform an immediate circumcision if such symptoms of “phimosis” were present – as they nearly always were. In 1953 obstetricians Richard L. Miller and Donald C. Snyder published an influential paper in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, calling for the immediate circumcision of all males straight after birth. Ignoring Gairdner and relying heavily on the writings of Wolbarst, they insisted that “phimosis” required immediate surgical correction, and asserted that circumcision would “reduce the incidence of onanism”, heighten male libido and “increase longevity and immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness.” They also stated that circumcision immediately after birth was convenient for the doctor and in the financial best interests of the hospital. Leading obstetrical textbooks were soon rewritten to include Miller and Snyder’s recommendations. [65, 66]"
1949 Joseph Lewis published his intactivist volume. [In the Name of Humanity]

1950: ~72% of the newborn American male population is circumcised and 50% of adult men

1950 Hollister Inc. invented the Plastibell circumcision device. Initially it was called scalpel free because prepucial skin was not cut but left to slough Gomco, it
requires a dorsal slit and tearing of the foreskin from the glans before it can be fitted.
The plastibell method requires a dorsal slit on tand tearing of thr foreskin from the glans. Then the foreskin is pulled up over the bell, and a ligature tied to crush it into the groove. Everything distal to the ligature dies and, to stop this from upsetting parents
too much, the foreskin may be cut off first.
[U.S. Pat. No. 2,272,072]
1951 Abraham Ravich theorized that circumcision prevented cervical cancer in women, that 25,000 deaths annually from cancer were caused by the foreskin, and that between 3 and 8 million American men then living had contracted prostate cancer through the influence of their intact foreskins. [Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision. NY State J M.]
1953 R. L. Miller and D. C. Snyder suggested routine neonatal circumcision for all males immediately after birth while still in the delivery room to provide "immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness."

"We do feel that there are many excellent reasons for routinely circumcising the male...Circumcision will reduce the incidence of onanism [masturbation]....Longevity, immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness, increased physical vigor, etc., are all attributed to this practice... In addition to the aforementioned reasons for doing the operation, we shall list several reasons to support immediate circumcision. ... Convenience: Under the present regime the obstetrician finishes his episiotomy, walks across the hall and circumcises the infant, and is finished with the whole business. Stimulation of the baby: Frequently following a general anesthetic the newborn is depressed and various stimulants are employed; circumcision unfailingly produces and excellent response in a sleepy baby."

[Immediate circumcision of the newborn male. AJOG. 1953;65:1-11.]
1954 Ernest L. Wydner claimed universal circumcision prevented cervical cancer in women. [A study of environmental factors of carcinoma of the cervix. AJOG.] He showed his own study to be invalid 6 years later, because the cervical cancer patients in his study incorrectly reported that their husbands were uncircumcised without actually having any idea whether their husbands were or not. They were just giving the answer they thought the doctor wanted to hear. Wynder later recognized and admitted the error in Wynder & Licklider (1960) showing most women didn't know the difference and even many men were not aware. This circumcision to reduce cervical cancer hypothesis was also disproved by Stern & Neely (1962).
1954 Brooklyn Rabbi Harry Bronstein invents the Mogen clamp. This becomes one of the main methods used in American circumcisions and especially Jewish ritual circumcisions.
The Mogen Clamp requires the foreskin to be torn off from the glans. After stretching it distally and away from the glans, the clamp is applied pinching the foreskin. After allowing 2 to 5 minutes to fit off blood flow, the foreskin may be amputated.
[U.S. Pat. No. 2,747,576]
Together, the Gomco clamp, Plastibell, and Mogen clamp make up the majority of circumcision methods done in America and the western world.
1956 Raymond Creelman invented the Circumstraint™ which straps down and immobilizes the baby's arms and legs. [USPTO patent number RE24,377]

1958 C. F. McDonald said:

"the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."

Curiously, this doctor used "circumcision" to refer to the separation of clitoral adhesions with a probe, technically this is non-amputative preputial adhesiolysis and female circumcision had until then been used only to mean (excisive) prepucectomy. Performed on an infant, adhesiolysis would be likely to cause skin bridging as noted by unisex prepucectomy advocate Edwin H. Pratt in 1898 in Circumcision of Girls. [Circumcision of the female. G P.]
1959 W. G. Rathmann wrote that among the "benefits" of female circumcision [prepucectomy], it cured psychosomatic illnesses and would help marital problems and would "make the clitoris easier to find" for the husband. He favored only therapeutic surgery though writing, "Routine circumcision because of a functional problem alone, without the proper anatomic indications, will probably be of no benefit and might be harmful." [Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique [NSFW]. G P.]

1960: ~78% of the newborn American male population is circumcised and 57% of adult men

1962 Stern & Neely refuted Ravich's hypothesis that foreskin caused cervical cancer in women. [Stern & Neely. Cancer of the cervix in reference to circumcision and marital history. J Am Medical Women’s Association.]
1963 D. Govinda disproved Wolbarst’s theory that smegma was carcinogenic [D. Govinda Reddy. Carcinogenic action of human smegma. Arch Pathology.]
1965 William Morgan’s provocatively titled paper debunked all the arguments then used to justify infant circumcision. [The Rape of the Phallus. JAMA.]

The Sexual Revolution

https://preview.redd.it/ni2v41wrrem51.jpg?width=604&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=f449fc16b1bfac674207dca5248b88c2640591a5
In the '60s, male cutting was maintained at that key time of widespread intellectual revolt against tradition by decisive and extremely successful rebranding. Now that genital cutting had become the social norm, it needed to be viewed as altruism. This is when the idea the foreskin did not play any role in pleasure was introduced to replace the anti-masturbation hysteria of previous generations of circumcision promotion. Masters & Johnson's utterly false claim that the foreskin played no role in coitus and did not affect the sensitivity of the penis was key in maintaining the genital cutting tradition. Those claims were not based on any evidence or data they ever published or were able to produce when requested for review.
1966 John M. Foley's The Practice of Circumcision: A Revaluation (New York: Materia Medica, 1966) was published.
1966 Masters and Johnson made the false but highly influential claim there were no differences in sensitivity between penises with and without intact foreskin. Their work established the false dogma that circumcision had no effect on sexual function, which then went unquestioned for the next 40 years. [Human Sexual Response. Boston: Little Brown.]
1969 Morris Fishbein called for circumcision to prevent nervousness and masturbation.

"When children are kept busy with wholesome play, work and planning, and when they are loved and understood in matters such as these, a little masturbation may occur but will be speedily forgotten. Be sure the children are healthily tired when they go to bed. Be sure that there is no need of circumcision, or if there is that it is corrected."

[Sex hygiene in Modern Home Medical Adviser. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. p 115.]

1970: ~82% of the newborn American male population is circumcised and 63% of adult men

1970 Noel Preston drew attention to how unscientific the claims that foreskin caused cancer were and the other supposed preventative benefits of foreskin destruction. Whither the foreskin? JAMA.]
1970 Meredith Campbell, a renowned urologist, includes in his textbook:

"Parents readily recognize the importance of local cleanliness and genital hygiene in their children and are usually ready to adopt measures which may avert masturbation. Circumcision is usually advised on these grounds."

This is about the last mention in mainstream science of circumcision preventing masturbation for these reasons:

Masturbation was no longer feared nor thought to be harmful
Harming your children to damage their future sexuality was no longer a socially action
It was obvious at this point that circumcised men could still masturbate

[The Male Genital Tract and the Female Urethra. in: Campbell's Urology. vol. 2. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. 1970:1836.]
1970 I. O. W. Leitch published a paper that eventually lead to the de-normalization of the practice in Australia as Gairdner (1949) had done in the UK and New Zealand.

"A review of the literature suggests that many of the traditional indications remain unproven. In the light of this study, and other surveys which indicate the hazards of the operation, it is suggested that circumcision should be confined to those with a genuine medical indication.
Nowadays, in Australia, despite a state of enlightened civilization that average Australians are thought to enjoy, circumcision is still the rule. The exposed glans is the fashion. The undressed penis stands as a social symbol, and the foreskin is still a schoolboy's curiosity, viewed secretly with wonder and awe. Circumcision now performed as a social ritual, and those in favour of the operation have justified its performance on medical grounds.
It has been said that circumcision is a simple operation with little associated morbidity and mortality, and that benefits include increased hygiene, and prophylaxis against malignancy. Opinion against the performance of the operation of circumcision is just as certain that if the foreskin is subjected to adequate toilet [hygiene], carcinoma is not a problem, neither is balinitis.
In the belief that the operation of circumcision is not without risk, it was decided to analyse some of the case records of circumcision performed at this Hospital to obtain statistics concerning the actual morbidity. Should a significant morbidity exist, then it seems obvious that there are no grounds for the present-day practice of social circumcision.
The incidence [of complications] was rather high (Table II), and for convenience they have been analysed in 2 groups, early and late, according to whether they occurred before or after 2 weeks. Late complications occurred in 15 (7.5%). One of the 2 cases of meatal stenosis eventually required a meatotomy; in one healing was delayed for 5 1/2 weeks; and in 2, too little skin was removed at operation.
The total complication rate was 31 in 200 cases, i.e. 15.5%.
In an attempt to evaluate these complications, several aspects were analysed. The first of these was the experience of the operator; surgeons had a complication rate of 14.9%, surgical registrars 17.6% and resident medical officers 50%. Perhaps this would not suffer statistical scrutiny, but it probably reflects the residents' lack of experience.
Haemorrhage was the most common complication, and on clinical grounds was classified as mild, arterial or brisk venous haemorrhage as moderate, while clinical signs of blood loss and/or the need for transfusion were classified as severe. The procedures required to control this haemorrhage were also listed.
Meatal ulcer was the second most common complication, and an attempt was made to correlate it with the type of dressing or any adjunct smeared on the glans after circumcision. It was assumed that management after circumcision was similar in most instances, and in fact the type of dressing used had no significant effect on the incidence of meatal ulcer.
Two deaths from routine circumcision occurred in Australia during the period 1960-1966. Speert (1953) in a survey of the period 1939-1951 quoted one death in a series of 566,463 circumcisions, and 243 deaths from carcinoma of the penis during the same period. In England and Wales, between 1942 and 1947, 16 children died annually as a result of routine circumcison (Begg, 1953), while Gairdner (1949) reported 16 deaths in a series of 90,000 circumcisions, high mortality figures for a simple operation.
Mortality aside, circumcision is accompanied by a considerable number of less serious complications (15.5%) including haemorrhage, meatal ulcer, meatal stenosis and infection in the series reported here. Other complications included laceration of the glans during operation, delayed wound healing, and ineffectual circumcision. A less serious delayed complication of circumcision is ammoniacal dermatitis causing a meatal ulcer and stenosis, a sequel which only occurs in the circumcised. Other less common but more serious complications not seen in this survey are urethral fistula, amputation of the glans, avulsion of the scrotum and septicaemia (Patel, 1966).
Severe haemorrhage, also absent from this series, may require tranfusion with its attendant occasional complications, or further surgical intervention with the possibility of an additional anaesthetic. Meatal stenosis may require a meatotomy, and the rarer severe complications may require elaborate plastic surgical procedures. A second operation because of the failure or complication of the first is not unusual and constituted 9.5% of this series.
A circumcision, then, is an operation which is accompanied by a not inconsiderable risk which should be seriously considered when the operation is entertained.
With proper counseling, circumcision becomes an unnecessary operation, even more so when it is realized that the prepuce plays an important part in protecting the glans during the period of urinary incontinence in the first years of life.
Finally, from a review of the recent literature and the results of this survey it is deduced that routine circumcision is largely unwarranted, and that adequate personal hygiene, possibly aided by making all foreskins retractable at the age of 3 years, has exactly the same effect as circumcision with none of the complications."

[Circumcision: A Continuing Enigma. Aust Paediatr J 1970;6:59-65.]
1971 Abraham Ravich theorized circumcision prevents cancer of the bladder and the rectum. [Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organs. Cancer.]
1971 The AAP Committee on Fetus and Newborn stated, "There are no valid medical indications for circumcision in the neonatal period." [Committee on Fetus and Newborn Issues. Circumcision. Hospital Care of Newborn Infants 5th Edition. Evanston, Ill: AAP]
1973 R. Dagher, Melvin Selzer, and Jack Lapides declared anyone who disagreed with imposing mass infant circumcision was deluded. [Carcinoma of the penis and the anti-circumcision crusade. J U.]
1973 Abraham Ravich published a book promoting circumcision: [Preventing V.D. and Cancer by Circumcision]
1973 Leo Wollman reported statistics on 100 female circumcisions he performed to cure "hooded clitoris." [Hooded Clitoris: Preliminary Report. J Am Soc of Psychosomatic Dentistry and Med.]
1973 Cathrine Kellison wrote an article promoting female prepucectomy for Playgirl magazine. [Circumcision for Women. Playgirl. Oct.]
1975 Cathrine Kellison penned a second article promoting female prepucectomy for Playgirl magazine. [$100 Surgery for a Million-Dollar Sex Life. Playgirl. May.]
1975 The AAP Task force on Circumcision reported, "There are no medical indications for routine circumcisions and the procedure cannot be considered an essential component of health care." [Report on the ad hoc task force on circumcision. Pediatrics.]
1977 Takey Crist reported on his circumcision of fifteen women, and provided a list of four conditions for when the surgery would be indicated: "a) they could achieve orgasm only by masturbation and/or oral sex, b) they could have orgasm in the lateral or female-superior positions only, c) they stated, "it feels good, I get there, but suddenly it's over," d) they had a positive cotton-tip test, where patients felt a distinct difference when a cotton-tipped applicator was applied directly to the clitoris when the foreskin was retracted as opposed to application to the foreskin". Crist's study concludes, "Patients who have undergone this procedure have generally commented that they have enhanced sexual response." ["Female Circumcision." Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality. Aug.]
1977 Insurance company, Blue Shield Association recommended individual plans stop covering 28 surgical and diagnostic procedures considered outmoded including removing the hood of the clitoris. ["Blue Shield Acts to Curb Payment On Procedures of Doubtful Value", NY Times, 1977]
1978 Sydney S. Gellis wrote,

"It is an uncontestable fact at this point that there are more deaths from complications of circumcision than from cancer of the penis. … Physicians should become more vociferous than they have been in discouraging circumcision of the newborn."

[Circumcision. Am J Dis Child.]

Previous: 1900-1939

Singapore is home to many species of snake, from tiny burrowing blind snakes just 15 centimetres long, which burrow through the soil and hunt insects, to huge pythons several metres in length, lurking in our drains and sewers in pursuit of rats and stray cats. While most of our snakes are quite harmless, our forests and mangroves have their fair share of coral snakes, kraits, and pit vipers, all of them highly venomous and capable of ruining a careless or unlucky person's day. The Equatorial Spitting Cobra is probably the most dangerous of our venomous snakes, since it is commonly encountered in more urbanised areas in close proximity to people. Yet these serpents, for all their deadly beauty, pale in comparison to a snake so feared and so iconic that it has become a symbol of the Asian forests, a true superstar among the snakes - the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah).
The King Cobra is a diurnal snake that is mostly terrestrial, although it is also a capable climber and an excellent swimmer. It has a wide distribution that spans across much of tropical Asia, from the southwest, northern and eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent, to southern China, Indochina, and Thailand, the Andaman Islands, and south to Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, the Greater Sundas (Sumatra, Borneo, Java), all the way to Bali, Sulawesi, and the Philippines. While only a single species of King Cobra is recognised for now, there is some geographical variation in physical appearance. It is possible that future research will reveal that what we now call the King Cobra might actually be made up of several similar yet distinct species. Although the King Cobra and the so-called 'true' cobras (members of the genus Naja, such as the Equatorial Spitting Cobra, Indian Cobra, and Monocled Cobra) belong to the same family, the Elapidae, they are not each other's closest relatives. Instead, the King Cobra closest living relatives are the mambas of Africa (including the Black Mamba, another snake with a deadly reputation), with the cobras as more distant relatives. Other members of the Elapidae include the kraits, coral snakes, sea kraits, and sea snakes, as well as the many highly venomous snakes of Australia such as the brown snakes, taipans, and death adders.
With a recorded maximum length of 5.85 metres, the King Cobra is the world's longest venomous snake. In Singapore, only the Reticulated Python exceeds it in size. Like the smaller cobras, it rears up and expands its hood to face a potential threat, but its hood is narrower and lacks the markings seen in some Asian species of cobra. The key difference though is height; it is said that a large King Cobra is able to rear up as high as a person's chest, and look them in the eye. And while many snakes will hiss loudly to warn predators to back off, the King Cobra's warning hiss is often described as more like a low menacing growl. Certainly, coming face to face with a King Cobra, especially one actively trying to defend itself, must be a most intimidating experience.
This threatening display is not just an act. Like other elapids, the King Cobra has a pair of hollow fangs which are located at the front of its upper jaw, functioning like hypodermic needles. When it strikes, venom is pumped out of glands located at the back of the head, flows through these fangs, and is injected into the bite wound. The King Cobra packs a deadly punch, with venom full of neurotoxins that target the nervous system and heart. While the venom itself is not as deadly as that produced by several other snake species, it more than makes up for it in terms of the sheer volume that can be delivered. A single bite can kill a human within half an hour, and even fell elephants.
A meal fit for a king
However, the King Cobra uses its venom mostly to subdue its prey, which consists almost entirely of other snakes. When prey is encountered, the King Cobra sinks its fangs into its victim, often behind the back of the head, and clamps down hard. As the prey struggles, both snakes may end up getting entwined together. Defensive bites from prey don't seem to faze it at all. The neurotoxins in the venom work on the central nervous system, stopping the heart and paralysing muscles, and the lungs cease functioning. The victim eventually suffocates, and is then slowly swallowed whole, usually headfirst. In fact, the King Cobra has been assigned to its own genus, Ophiophagus, which translates to "snake-eater" in Greek, ophio- meaning "snake" and -phagus meaning "to eat". It is a very apt description of this species, which is unsurprisingly also known to be cannibalistic. Even other highly venomous snakes like cobras and vipers are no match for the king – it's been found to have evolved resistance to the venoms of its potential prey.
Even the largest snakes in the jungle are not immune to predation by the King Cobra; it will readily go for pythons, although it is obviously limited to smaller individuals. There were two fairly recent eyewitness accounts of King Cobras going after Reticulated Pythons in Singapore – one took place next to a road in NTU campus in August 2015 (albeit close to the forest edge), while the other was along the MacRitchie Nature Trail in May 2017. These encounters must be an awesome spectacle to behold; two of the largest snakes of Southeast Asia in combat, venom against constricting coils. Things don't always go the King Cobra's way though; if the python manages to fight back, the predator might find itself fighting for its own life, which appears to be what happened during the sighting at NTU; the Reticulated Python, despite being smaller, managed to throw a coil around the King Cobra's neck, and the latter snake was struggling, presumably waiting for the venom to take hold and incapacitate its prey. A more recent photo of unknown provenance has made its rounds online, depicting a King Cobra and a Reticulated Python, both dead – the cobra likely bit and successfully envenomated the python, but the python managed to coil around and constrict the cobra before succumbing.
Besides snakes, the King Cobra is also known to feed on monitor lizards. There is a video from January 2016 of one swallowing a young Malayan Water Monitor in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. Birds and rodents have also been taken, although there are very few such records.
Royal Families
Reproduction in King Cobras seems rather straightforward at first: we know that the species is oviparous (egg-laying). However, there are some very interesting behaviours that make it stand out from other snakes.
Like many other species, male King Cobras will engage in ritualised combat, rearing up and attempting to pin each other to the ground. This sparring allows rival males to show off their strength and establish dominance, and minimise the risk of them injuring or even killing each other.
Courtship and mating can be a risky affair, especially since King Cobras routinely eat other snakes, and males typically grow larger than females. A receptive female leaves a scent trail that puts the male in the mood for sex instead of food, and he may pursue her through the forest for hours. Once he's caught up, and if she is slow to accept, he may headbutt her repeatedly until she relents. Mating may last for up to an hour, and the male will sometimes stay with her for several days, mating repeatedly, while at the same time warding off rivals.
The female King Cobra does something that has not been observed in any other snake species to date; she actively builds a nest for her eggs, using her body and tail to gather leaves and other debris, sweeping them into a pile and packing them together to create a large mound. Fallen leaves of bamboo plants are a favoured nesting material, and King Cobra nests are often located close to or even among bamboo clumps. Within this nest, temperature and humidity remain constant, providing suitable conditions for the growth and development of the embryos.
Guarding of young is not widespread among snakes, but after laying her eggs, the mother King Cobra will remain near the nest, fending off potential predators. A devoted mother, she may guard her brood for two to three months, fasting and living off her reserves. Only when the eggs are about to hatch does she leave the nest, probably to avoid triggering her predatory response and instinctively eating her own young.
Baby King Cobras, which measure up to 60 centimetres in length when they first emerge, look very different from their parents, being black with conspicuous narrow white or yellow bands. Without the protection of their mother, they are vulnerable to all sorts of predators, which may even include adults of the same species. However, one thing they share in common with the adults is that even at such a young age, their venom is already potent and deadly.
The King Cobra in Singapore
Although the King Cobra is usually thought of as being restricted to forests, it is quite adaptable and will sometimes live near people. In other parts of its range, the King Cobra may be found in rice paddies and farmland, in plantations, and even near villages, as long as there is enough forest cover nearby. In fact, such places may even ultimately attract King Cobras; since rodents are abundant in agricultural areas and settlements, snakes that eat rats are lured by the prospects of good feeding opportunities, which in turn provide a rich hunting ground for the King Cobra. King Cobras can even be found in forest patches near densely-populated urban areas. For example, the species still survives in parts of Hong Kong.
In mainland Singapore, the King Cobra is mostly restricted to forests, woodlands, and mangroves, although they are occasionally encountered in more developed areas. One stronghold is the Central Catchment Nature Reserve; a number of records have taken place in the vicinity of Rifle Range Road, MacRitchie Reservoir, and Upper Thomson. One male measuring 4.42 metres in length was found at the Singapore Island Country Club along Island Club Road in June 2002, but sadly, was beaten to death. That individual is now on display in the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum. They have also been seen in condominiums and military camps located along the forest fringes.
Wild King Cobras are sometimes encountered within the Singapore Zoo and Night Safari, with some sightings taking place in broad daylight and in areas crowded with visitors. King Cobras have also been seen at Bukit Panjang on at least two occasions; one was a juvenile about 60 centimetres long, found in the Segar area in March 2000, while the other measured 2 metres long, and was seen in a drain near Bukit Panjang Plaza in November that same year. Both individuals were caught and sent to the Singapore Zoo; over the years, the zoo has received and kept quite a few King Cobras, with some of them going on display. Oddly, the King Cobra has yet to be recorded from the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, although it is likely to be present there.
Another stronghold for the King Cobra is in the west of Singapore, encompassing the Western Catchment, Jalan Bahar, Lim Chu Kang, and Kranji areas. There have been quite a number of sightings of this species at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve in recent years, which now appears to be the place where you have the higher chance of spotting this large but elusive snake.
The species is also present on Pulau Ubin and Pulau Tekong. Interestingly, an adult was even encountered somewhere in Sentosa in May 2007. More records of this species in Singapore can be found in this paper published in 2011.
Its majestic restraint
Despite the King Cobra's size and deadly venom, it is not an aggressive snake by nature; even though it is not uncommon in some parts of its range and can be found living close to people, reports of bites are rare in comparison to those of other venomous snakes. Yes, its bite should never be taken lightly, but as a whole, it seems like these snakes possess a relatively mild temperament and placid disposition. Some accounts describing the capture of King Cobras say that the snake did not attempt to strike even when it had every opportunity to do so; instead the snake appeared to be more intent on trying to escape, deploying its threat display without following up on the threat with its fangs. Still, there have been instances where the King Cobra does mean business and strikes, with dire consequences.
The King Cobra can be considered one of the more charismatic snakes; it's large, it has a fearsome reputation (not just because it's highly venomous, but also because it routinely eats other snakes), and as many people who have been close to one can testify, is a really majestic and unique creature. Filmmaker Janaki Lenin, who worked on a National Geographic documentary about the King Cobra, wrote:

There's something uncanny about the way a king cobra looks you in the eye. It's an indescribable feeling, an encounter with a sentient being. It's about making contact with an entity so utterly different from anything one knows and normally relates to. Keepers say that when they open the door to the king cobra cage, the snake is so perceptive of what's going on; it knows whether the keeper is planning to feed it or whether he is just checking up on it. But it is its majestic restraint that reveals its personality. For the 6 months it took to shoot the film, we were all in such close proximity to king cobras I marvel that no accident took place. And this is more due to the tolerance of the snake than anything else. The more closely we work with an animal, the more we take it for granted. We flaunted our own security protocol several times; each time the king cobra just warned us, mock charging but never carrying it through. This made us respect the creature more than any other.

There are a number of observations stating that in comparison to other snakes, King Cobras come across as being very alert, observant, and intelligent. Some people have asserted that captive King Cobras recognise their owners, and can be trained to some degree. But it's important to remember that these are still unpredictable, potentially deadly animals; ironically, quite a number of King Cobra bites involve people that were deliberately handling the snake, such as snake charmers and reptile hobbyists. All it takes is a moment of carelessness and bad luck, and a person with years of experience in handling highly venomous snakes could still end up in a life-threatening situation.
Vanishing kingdom
In Singapore, the King Cobra's survival depends on the continued protection of its habitats. Areas such as the Central Catchment Nature Reserve and Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve are already protected, but development of other areas displaces King Cobras and other wildlife, and forces them to roam in search of new territories to occupy. Conflict with people is a major issue; a snake wandering into an urban area risks getting seen by frightened humans, and may end up seriously injured or killed. The roads that run alongside many of our forests and wooded areas present another hazard; some recent sightings of this species were of roadkills. Deforestation, persecution, and hunting threaten wild populations of King Cobras elsewhere, but exploitation for the tourist trade is another serious threat to the species in some locations.
In several other parts of Asia, King Cobras are often caught for their meat and to make traditional medicines; the species is on the menu in the snake soup restaurants in Hong Kong. At the same time, it is revered in some cultures, and involved in snake charming performances. However, some unethical snake charmers are known to render their potentially deadly captives harmless, either by pulling out the fangs, or stitching the snakes' mouths shut.
The King Cobra is among several species of snakes raised on so-called snake farms in several countries in the region, such as Thailand and Vietnam. Some farms raise snakes for meat, skins, and traditional medicines, while others operate under the guise of extracting venom for research and production of antivenom. Many of these farms, as well as too many awful zoos, are marketed as tourist attractions, and incorporate shows featuring King Cobras and other snakes being provoked and prodded for gawking visitors. Many captive snakes are not kept in suitable conditions and suffer injuries, or catch diseases and parasites, slowly wasting away and eventually dying while being made to perform for gawking crowds. Sometimes the snakes are taxidermised, or immersed in jars of rice wine to be sold to tourists. It's also not always clear whether these King Cobras were bred in captivity, or wild-caught; it's likely that a lot of these organisations simply replace those that die with more King Cobras captured from the wild. In some places, overhunting appears to have all but wiped out King Cobra populations.
Due to the decline in wild populations in many parts of its range, the King Cobra is considered globally vulnerable to extinction.
In many ways, the plight of the King Cobra illustrates the common challenges of conserving large predators: this species is constrained by ever-shrinking forests and encroachment, and individuals wander into inhabited areas where they come into conflict with people. It is hunted and consumed for meat, and also used in traditional medicines. Captives are often exploited, kept in substandard conditions, abused and subjected to the stress of performing for tourists. Yet at the same time, it is supposedly respected and revered by some of these very same cultures. If there is another iconic predator of the Asian forests that shares the very same problems faced by the King Cobra, it is the Tiger.
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